In 1966 Hall and Robert Van de Castle published The Content Analysis of Dreams, in which they outlined a coding system to study 1,000 dream reports from college students. Hall collected more than 50,000 dream reports at Western Reserve University. After antiquity, the passive hearing of visitation dreams largely gave way to visualized narratives in which the dreamer becomes a character who actively participates.įrom the 1940s to 1985, Calvin S. 2144–2124 BCE), rebuilt the temple of Ningirsu as the result of a dream in which he was told to do so. Gudea, the king of the Sumerian city-state of Lagash (reigned c. In visitation dreams reported in ancient writings, dreamers were largely passive in their dreams, and visual content served primarily to frame authoritative auditory messaging. Preserved writings from early Mediterranean civilizations indicate a relatively abrupt change in subjective dream experience between Bronze Age antiquity and the beginnings of the classical era. Usha Dreaming Aniruddha (oleographic print) Raja Ravi Varma (1848-1906). So, dreaming by non-humans is currently unprovable, as is dreaming by human fetuses and pre-verbal infants. To be studied, a dream must first be reduced to a verbal report, which is an account of the subject's memory of the dream, not the subject's dream experience itself. However, humans dream during non-REM sleep, also, and not all REM awakenings elicit dream reports. Because REM sleep is detectable in many species, and because research suggests that all mammals experience REM, linking dreams to REM sleep has led to conjectures that animals dream. Dreams occur mainly in the rapid-eye movement (REM) stage of sleep-when brain activity is high and resembles that of being awake. Framing the dream experience varies across cultures as well as through time.ĭreaming and sleep are intertwined. The brain activity capable of formulating such dreams, rare among literate people in later eras, conforms to the bicameral mentality hypothesized by Julian Jaynes as dominant into the second or first millennium BCE. These ancient writings about dreams highlight visitation dreams, where a dream figure, usually a deity or a prominent forebear, commands the dreamer to take specific actions and may predict future events. Long ago, according to writings from Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt, dreams dictated post-dream behaviors to an extent sharply reduced in later millennia. The human dream experience and what to make of it have undergone sizable shifts over the course of history. It is not known where in the brain dreams originate, if there is a single origin for dreams or if multiple regions of the brain are involved, or what the purpose of dreaming is for the body or mind. Most modern dream study focuses on the neurophysiology of dreams and on proposing and testing hypotheses regarding dream function. The scientific study of dreams is called oneirology. Dream interpretation, practiced by the Babylonians in the third millennium BCE and even earlier by the ancient Sumerians, figures prominently in religious texts in several traditions and has played a lead role in psychotherapy. The content and function of dreams have been a topic of scientific, philosophical and religious interest throughout recorded history. Humans spend about two hours dreaming per night, and each dream last around 5 to 20 minutes. Ī dream is a succession of images, ideas, emotions, and sensations that usually occur involuntarily in the mind during certain stages of sleep. Self-Portrait of a Dreamer, Joseph Klibansky, 2016, Museumplein, Amsterdam.
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